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Slovenia (Carantania) |
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Carantania |
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Christianization |
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Let us look at the facts! |
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Austrian and Bavarian Falsifications |
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Timeline of Slovene history - Asian News Network |
| Slovenia (Carantania) |
| And the Question of Independence |
| by Dr. Jožko Šavli, FAS, KdB, FSAI |
| Fellow of the Augustan Society |
| Knight de Bryan |
| Fellow of Sodality of the Ark International |
| Jean Bodin, a well-known French political theorist from the 16th century, published the book Les six livres de la République (Paris 1576), in which he describes also briefly "the rite of installation of the Carinthian (Carantanian) duke" (p. 129): Forme d'investir le Duc de Carinthie. Bodin says, one cannot find any other comparison that resembles the rite of Carinthia (il n'y en a point de pareille à celle de Carinthie), where the people's representative has the power to bestow the new duke with the authority to reign. Thus, the new ruler was put into office by the people and not by Dei Gratia, i.e., automatically through succession. |
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| Page 129 from Jean Bodin's book Les six livres de la République (1576), pertaining to Thomas Jefferson (now in the Library of the Congress). The description of the Installation bears the title Forme d'investir le duc de Carinthie, marked at the margin with trails. At the bottom of the page Jefferson put his initials J. and i. He evidently regarded this ancient ritual of the installation of the dukes as an additional confirmation, that his idea of democracy was not an utopia, (because it was carried out already by the Carantanian nation), and he wrote the great Declaration of Independence. |
| In the sixties, Prof. Joseph Felicijan from Cleveland (Ohio, USA) published his book entitled The Genesis of the Contractual Theory and the Installation of the Dukes of Carinthia (Cleveland 1967). It came to his attention that Thomas Jefferson, author of the Declaration of Independence (1776), possessed Bodin's book (now stored in the Congress Library), and put the initials J.i. under the text of the installation of the Carinthian dukes, and a hatched line at the flank of the description. Prof. Felicijan came to the conclusion that this description convinced Jefferson in his idea about democracy, whereby people entrusting the regent with power to rule, was not an utopia. It had already been proven by the Slovenian nation of Carantania (Carinthia), who carried out this rite since time immemorial. Felicijan's book had also been presented to the American Senate by Senator Frank Lausche. In Slovenia, which was at that time still part of Communist Yugoslavia, the book was suppressed by the Great-Serbian policy of Belgrade, out of jealousy that Slovenia had its own history and early democracy. |
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| Jean Bodin (1530 - 1596) and his book "Les six livers de la République" from 1576 (title page), in which the Installation of the Dukes of Carantania is mentioned as an action of democracy. |
| In Carantania (Slovenia) the rite of installation took place on the so-called Prince's Stone. The new Prince or Duke, being seated on it, received his powers with a certain gesture from the hand of the "ducal" peasant, who was entitled to this right by inheritance. Thereafter the new Duke and his suite attended mass in the Cathedral of Gospa Sveta (Maria Saal). Finally, the rite was concluded at the Duke's Throne, which was now invested by the new Duke, from where he reasoned the suits and bestowed the fiefs. |
| The origin of the Prince's Stone is very ancient. It goes back to the pre-Roman period and even pre-Celtic period. The stone was a symbol of God, because it is unchangeable and eternal. Also the Swedish king, after being elected, mounted a stone called Mora Sten, where he swung his sword and took an oath. In Scotland the Liag Fail or Stone of Destiny as well as the Coronation Stone in England served a similar purpose. It is very possible that the Veneti (Hallstatt period) were familiar with the symbolic Stone. |
| Carantania |
| The installation of the princes on the Stone must have been already a custom in the regnum Noricum, that in 15 BC entered the Roman Empire and became a Roman province in ca. 50 AD. The Noricans, who joined the Roman Empire out of their own free will, could conserve their proper law called ius gentium. Nations, which were defeated by them in heavy battles, were retained strangers without rights, peregrini dedititii. In this way, the Norican social structure remained preserved. After the decline of the Roman Empire and after nearly a century of the so-called Barbarian occupation had passed, on Noricum territory rose the Medieval principality called Slovenia or Carantania. |
| It was documented for the first time in 595 AD under the name Provincia Sclaborum (Paulus Diaconus: Historia Langobardorum, cap. IV, 7), and after 620 AD it was mentioned again by Duke Valuk (Wallucus, dux Vinedorum). These two important dates are usually ignored in the German and Austrian historiography. Why? It can be only assumed that the real reason is national jealousy, because Germany and Germanized Austria cannot trace back their national origin and statehood to such an early period. Other Slav nations suppressed these dates for the same reason and promoted as "first" Slav state only Great Moravia (ca. 830 AD). |
| Moreover, already during the Austrian Monarchy (19th century) the pan-German movement affixed the falsified name "Alpenslawen" (Alpine Slavs) to the Slovenian people, even though Slovenians were mentioned in records since the early period of their existence. In this way, the population was deprived of its national characteristics that identifies their proper language, state and ethnicity. They found themselves classified in the same category with Slavs from the Carpathian or Ural Mountains of that same time period, but they were definitely treated as outsiders of Europe. |
| This point of view was the accepted official historiography of the new constituted Yugoslavia, to which Slovenia was annexed at the end of WW1 in 1918. The Great-Serbian oligarchy in Belgrade was equally jealous of Slovenian's history compared to their own Serbian one, and therefore they propagated, that the Slovenian people were nothing more but Alpine Slavs since their early existence. Such was the well kept secret between Belgrade and the historians in Slovenia, who are supporting this theory still today. But, they forgot (!) to explain one thing, when did the "Alpine Slavs" become Slovenians? |
| The negative interpretation of Slovenian history was maintained also after the declaration of independence in Slovenia. The Slovenian historiography originated under the former Yugoslavia and had to justify its credibility before the public. But it could not recognize the fact, that the interpretation of history in a communist regime was directed in sense by the Marxist method of "historian materialism" and, in the case of Yugoslavia, also by jealous Great-Serbian nationalism. On the contrary, it did manifest its scientific "independence" through the new assertion, that Slovenians were designated by their proper name not earlier then in the 16th century. This was meant to be the last stroke for the new independent Slovenia when parting from Great-Serbia. The Great-Serbian movement imposed also another point of view as interpretation of Slovenian's history, the one of the "eternal yoke", that was pending over the Slovenians or Carantanians already since times of the Avars, and was then continued by the Germans (Austrians) until WW1. Only at that time Slovenians were supposedly saved from them through the help of the Serbian "brethren". |
| In order to give credibility to such a handicapped image of Slovenian people, the Slovenian historiography, which was still conditioned by the Yugoslav ideology, had to omit several historical facts. One of them was the Slovenian historical law called institutio Sclavenica (or Slavica lex). In sense of this law, Carantania (Sclauinia) was recognized as a nation in the Western European community, equal to other European nations like Bavarians (lex Bagoariorum), Swabians (les Allamanorum), Franks (lex Salica, lex Ripuaria) and so on. In this sense, the installation of the Carantanian dukes cannot be looked at as an interesting "people's custom", but has to be recognized as a legal deed of the state. A fact, that still today mostly disturbs the German national camp (Austria, Germany) as well as the Great-Serbian one (Yugoslavia, Slovenia). |
| Christianization |
| The Yugoslav (Great-Serbian) circles allowed Slovenians only a brief period of independence in their history. Carantania (Slovenia) enjoyed freedom under king Samo († 658) and some decennium after. However, when Slovenians were Christianized, they lost their independence anew, and had to tolerate the aforesaid German yoke for a millennium. A very distorted interpretation, out of context of the Medieval political situation. |
| Let us look at the facts! |
| Around 740 AD, Carantanians (Slovenians) came to the support of the Bavarians, who rebelled against the Franks. The rebellions were defeated, but Odilo, Duke of Bavaria, remained in power. In 743, the Avars in Pannonia once again menaced Carantania in the Eastern Alps, and friendly Bavarians came to their rescue. The Avars were defeated. However, the Christianized Bavarians had to get authority from the Frankish king to give military support to the still pagan Carantanians conditional upon the request, that the latter would accept the Christian faith and recognize the supremacy of the Frankish king. The Carantanian Duke Borut agreed to that and sent, as it was customary in that time, his son Gorazd (Cacatius) and his nephew Hotimir (Cheitmarus) as hostages to Bavaria, where they should be educated and baptized in the Christian faith. |
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| Prince's Stone in 19th century (Knezji kamen, in Slovenian; Fürstenstein, in German), in the background Krnski grad (Karnburg) - a drawing by Marcus Pernhart (Pernat) of ca. 1855. Here, under the open sky the Carantanian dukes were installed by the people. |
| In 750 AD, Duke Boruth of Carantania died. By order of the Frankish king, the Bavarians let Boruth's son Gorazd return to Carantania, and the Slovenian people appointed him as their new duke, the charter Conversio Bagoariorum et Carantanorum (cap. 4) says ...et illi eum ducem fecerunt. However, Gorazd died already in 752 and consequently, through permission of the Frankish king, his cousin Hotimir returned home from Bavaria, and in sense of the Conversio (cap. 4) the Slovenian people handed the duchy over to him: Quem suscipientes idem populi ducatum illi dederunt... Indirectly, these words point out the installation of Gorazd and Hotimir on the Prince's Stone as Carantanian dukes. |
| The author of Conversio (written ca. 870) explicitly alleges that the Carantanian princes took over the duchy from the Slovenian people and not from the hand of the Frankish king. It is evident, that the supremacy of the latter, recognized by Carantanians, only meant admission into the Western Christian community under the protection of the Frankish king. It never meant the loss of their independence, as interpreted voluntarily by ideological camps, who are jealous and contrary to Slovenians. |
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| Duke's Throne in 19th century (Vojvodski stol in Slovenian language; Herzogstuhl in German language), in the background Gospa Sveta (Maria Saal) - a drawing by Marcus Pernhart. Sitting on this throne is the new duke, who bestowed the fiefs and paid attention to the grievances made by Slovenian men. |
| The German historiography, in particular seen from the Bavarian aspect, depicts Carantania in the period after its Christianization as a Bavarian Eastern March. Actually the truth is, that in 772 the Bavarian Duke Tassilo III, evidently with orders given by the Franks, invaded Carantania with his army, defeated the pagan rebellion there and restored the government of the Christian Duke Valhun. This invasion was the result of a broken agreement between Carantania and the Frankish empire concerning the Christianization there. The Conversio does not mention Duke Domitian, who followed Duke Valhun, because he was proclaimed as a Saint († ca. 802). It enumerates the following Carantanian dukes: Pribislav, Semika, Stojmir and Etgar. |
| However, the Bavarian invasion did not mean a subjugation of Carantania under the "German" empire, and much less that Carantania should have developed into a Bavarian "Eastern March". The only true remaining fact is, that Bavaria, Carantania, and Pannonia were under a single Frankish military command. A March was a territory of military command separated from the civil administration. Carantania, for instance, belonged North of the Drava river to the Eastern March. South of the river it belonged to the Friulian March, under the command of Cadolah. Liudevit, the Prince of Slavonia (today under Croatia) was revolting against him, and one part of Carantania South of the Drava joined him in doing so. Liudevit was finally defeated by the Franks in 822. This data has been confirmed in Yugoslav historiography or better said, in context with its Slovenian portion, as the final loss of Slovenian independence. |
| However, historical sources mention only the following words: When Frankish troops returned home, they constrained Carniolians, who dwelt at the Sava River and around Cividale, to collaborate with Balderic (i.e., with the new commander of the Friulian March), and they also came to an understanding with the Carantanians, who had linked together with Liudevit... Quibus domum reversis Carniolenses, qui circa Savum fluvium habitant et Foroiulensis pene contigui sunt, Baldrico se dediderunt; idem et pars Carantanorum, quae ad Luidewiti partes a nobis defecerat, facere curavit (Annales regni Francorum ad. a. 820). Yugoslav historians, like B. Grafenauer and others, had their way in twisting these words and came up with a brand new interpretation: Slovenians from Carantanian had lost at that point in time their proper nobility and princes, i.e., their ultimate stage of independence, and existed from then on only as "a common Frankish county". - German and Austrian historians usually omit this passage. |
| It is true, Conversio named the "duces Bagoarii" (Bavarian dukes) Helmwin, Albgar and Pabo, who after ca. 828 followed in Carantania on the throne (until 860). These dukes where of another source, Excerptum de Karentanis, known as "duces Carentanorum" (Carantanian dukes). - The only explanatory answer is, that the dukes in question descended from a Bavarian father, but certainly from a Slovenian mother. Because in sense of the "institutio Sclavenica" (Carantanian law) the Slovenian wife, in contrast to the Germanic wife, possessed both the juridical capacity and the capacity of action as well as the right of succession. The aforesaid dukes were from their mother's lineage Slovenians and in this way legal rulers of Carantania. |
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| Carantania (Kärnten) or Slovenia after the ultimate division of the Frankish empire, in 843. It belonged to the Kingdom of the Eastern Franks (Francia Orientalis), called later Germania (not Deutschland, Germany). Carantania was equal to other dukedoms of this confederation and, throughout it, a member of the Holy Roman Empire (united Christian Europe) founded by Charlemagne in 800 AD (Source: Die Chronik Österreichs, 1994). From Carantania developed Austria and from other duchies the modern Germany. |
| In 800 AD, the Frankish empire became the Holy Roman Empire, when Charlemagne was crowned Emperor by Pope Leon III. Since 843 this empire unified three Frankish kingdoms: the Western, the Middle and the Eastern. The territory of the Kingdom of the Eastern Franks or Francia Orientalis was a confederation composed of the Germanic speaking duchies Bavaria, Swabia, Franconia and Saxony, and of the Slovenian speaking duchy Carantania. |
| In this confederation the duchies maintained their sovereignty, including Carantania. There, the new duke, who was sent from the Royal Court, had to suit the Slovenian people, only they could accept and install him as their Lord. Otherwise, they would reject him. In the years 945, 956, and 961 Carantanians or Slovenians refused three ducal candidates, because they were not related to Carantanian nobility and therefore strangers in the country. Thus, they were not in accordance with the Slavica lex or institutio Sclavenica. This fact too remains suppressed in Yugoslav and in German historiographies. The linguistic differences within the Kingdom of the Eastern Franks, which is not be identified with "Deutschland" (or First Reich), later led to the origin of two modern states: from the German speaking duchies Bavaria, Swabia (Alamania), Franconia and Saxony grew Germany (Deutschland), and from Carantania developed Austria. |
| When in 1991 Slovenia proclaimed its independence, the Yugoslav (Great-Serbian) underground service tried to persuade the world and the Slovenian people, that for the "first time" in history they will have their own independent state. Such an affirmation was inculcated in the heads of Slovenians for some years spread by mass media, which still remained under control of the aforesaid service. Even to the Pope, who in 1996 visited Slovenia, was foisted such a sentence that he pronounced in his speech: Slovenians, for the first time in your history you got your own state, guard it, and so on. - The Serbian jealousy could not face the fact, that Slovenians are the bearers of a very ancient statehood. Like a flock of good Catholic sheep they should believe their Pope, that they were in their entire history nothing else but "servants" (to Germans). |
| At the end of June 1999, when President Clinton (USA) visited Slovenia, he mentioned in his inaugural speech, that the Installation of Carantanian (Slovenian) dukes had been an example for American democracy. The Yugoslav (Great-Serbian) lobby in Slovenia was immensely surprised and irritated. Two weeks later the ex-communist daily Delo published a tasteless parody concerning Clinton's words, but it found a deaf echo only. |
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| Austrian and Bavarian Falsifications |
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| A falsified historical map of Bavaria and Carantania (Austria). The title reads: The greatest expansion of the duchy (meaning Bavaria) between 952 - 976. (In German: Grösste Ausdehnung des Herzogtums 952 - 76). Carantania is simply shown as a Bavarian territory, even though it is marked as Hzm. Kärnten (Dukedom Carinthia). |
| Today, when we speak of a »United Europe« it is highly inappropriate to carry on the conquering ideology of the distant past. It is also wrong to assume that members of the European Union will do damage to Slovenia's interest. The dream of all great-German circles of Bavaria and Austria and their break-through to the Adriatic Sea, using Slovenian territory, will sooner or later become reality. |
| This map in Wikipedia is an illustration of the history of Austria (Österreich). It is clearly a falsification of historical facts not only in today's Austria but also in Bavaria. The map, it is true, depicts the political situation concerning Bavaria and Carantania (Slovenia) in the 10th century. It is particularly interesting that Bavarian historians constantly display Carantania as a "Bavarian March" (as, for example, the well-known historian Kurt Reindel and others also). At the very least, this map shows the Duchy of Carantania (Kärnten). What's the matter? |
| In 952, the Great Duchy of Carantania was founded by King Otto I. It extended from Bohemia in the north until Venice in the south-east, including the Verona March (Venetia). The king appointed his younger brother Henry as duke of both duchies, Bavaria and Carantania. A fact, which the Bavarian and Austrian historians explain as an annexation of Carantania by Bavaria. It is about a clear falsification. Still today we have similar situations. For example, the sovereign of Australia and Canada is the English Queen, but both countries are independent states. School children understand this, but not the historians? |
| In fact, they understand it very well, but in the sense of ideological directives given by financiers, normally the ministry for education is forced to falsify the historical facts. Thus, Carantania, the predecessor of Austria, should not be presented as a Slovenian duchy. So, they say with regards to the Verona March, that it was annexed to Bavaria in 952, and to Carantania in 976. In fact, in 976 separate dukes were appointed for both duchies. |
| Concealing the historical Slovenian identity of Carantania is still an issue in today's Austria. Claudia Fräß - Ehrfeld, the official lady historian in modern Carinthia, with a lie denied the Slovenian peculiarity of the Prince's Stone (2005), on which the Carantanian dukes were enthroned. In her historical book about Carinthia - Carantania (1984) she calls the Carantanian Slovenian rulers »Slav« dukes. But at the same time she is using the expression German (Deutsch) for Bavarians, even though the Germandom still for centuries was not formed at all. |
| In 1976, in sense of the above mentioned falsifications, the administrative official apparatus of Carinthia celebrated with great pomp the existence of the (German) duchy of Carinthia. They smoothly concealed the fact, that in 595 AD Paulus Diaconus (Historia Langobardorum) mentioned for the first time in history »provincia Sclavorum« (Carantania), which was the present-day Carinthia. - One has to ask himself, if these falsifications in Austria and Bavaria could be European principles, to which the opinion makers and the mass media drive the public in both countries. No! It is all about ancient ideological imperialism. One has to remember, that the predecessor of Nazism, Fascism and Communism were even academic falsifications of history. Sapienti sat! (March 2, 2007) |
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| Timeline of Slovene history |
| The neutrality of this article is disputed. |
| This is a timeline of key events in the history of Slovenia and the nations that lived and live on Slovene ethnic territory, mostly Slovenes. We might start with Kobal's words: History, unlike mathematics, is an imperfect science and can never be complete or totally impartial. Ivan Kobal |
| 1300s BC |
| NOTE a theory about connections between the Veneti and Proto-Slovenes is believed to be speculative or even pseudohistorical. - Carantha's Remark: It is not "believed" but considered as such by the official historians. |
| Circa 1300 BC - The Veneti (Venedes) ('Venetkeni', 'Venetkini', 'Venedi', 'Vinedi', 'Vendi', (Jordanes 'Venethi'), 'Sclavi', 'Sclavini', (Jordanes 'Sclaveni'), 'Slovonici') (Greek Venedes, Homer shortened the name to 'Enetoi', Jordanes wrote 'Ainetoi' ("Laudable")) | (also Wenets, Veneds, Venets, Wenetes) (not to be confused with Venetians or Venicians), the Proto-Slavs (Proto-Slovenes, Slo-veneti, Sloventi), an Aryan folk from Sorbian (Lusatian (Lusation), Wendish) culture along the Amber Road conquer and settle region between the Baltic and Adriatic Sea. |
| 1200s BC |
| Circa 1200 BC - The Veneti, the bearers of the Urnfield culture, come from the north and settle in the Alpine area of Slovenia, northern Italy, eastern Switzerland and Austria during the Late Bronze Age. |
| 1100s BC |
| Circa 1150 BC - The Veneti from Paphlagonia, a region in today's northern Turkey on the Black Sea, continued East across Persia and Afghanistan after the defeat of Troy reach Punjab across the Khyber mountain pass (1022 m). - Homer talks about the Venets, and so do the Greeks, using the name Henetoi. |
| Roman historians claim their leader was Antenor (Antenore), originated from "Troy" Troy. |
| 1100 BC - The new combined nation, known until today by the name of Aryans or Hindi, was able to penetrate towards East to the river valley of the Ganges and conquered the whole area up to the Himalayas. A new vast country came into existence, which still today carries the name Hindustan (like Heneti - Veneti). |
| India - actually Vindia - was born. |
| 700s BC |
| Circa 750 BC - The Etruscans (Etrurians), a non-Aryan folk migrate into northern and central Italy from the eastern steppes. - Carantha's Remark: This has not been proven. |
| 400s BC |
| A well-developed Illyrian population center exists as far north as the upper Sava valley in what is now Slovenia. Illyrian friezes discovered near the present-day Slovene city of Ljubljana depict ritual sacrifices, feasts, battles, sporting events, and other activities. - |
| Carantha's Remark: For already half a century experts have not treated the Illyrians anymore. They rather regarded them as Celts. In fact, these people were the Veneti. |
| 200s BC |
| Circa 250 BC - The Celtic Tene Culture comes to the Slovene territory and replaces the Hallstatt Culture. |
| 221 BC - the border of the Roman Republic arrives at the Julian Alps. |
| 100s BC |
| 178 BC - Romans conquer Histria. |
| 0s BC |
| 48 BC - Noricans takes the side of the Roman caesar Julius Caesar (circa 100 BC-44 BC) in the civil war against Pompey (106 BC-48 BC). |
| 16 BC - Noricans having joined with the Pannonians in invading Histria, they are defeated by Publius Silius, proconsul of Illyricum. |
| 12 BC - The army of Romans, led by Tiberius (42 BC-37, reigned 14-37), starts conquering Pannonia. |
| 9 BC - Pannonia is subdued and incorporated with Illyricum, the frontier of which was thus extended as far as the Danube. |
| 1s |
| 7 - Pannonians, with the Dalmatians and other Illyrian tribes, revolt, and are overcome by Tiberius and Germanicus (15 BC-19), after a hard-fought campaign which lasted for two years. |
| 9 - The Roman Empire finally conquers Pannonia (which includes the biggest part of present-day Slovenia). Roman legions stay in Poetovio (currently Ptuj). |
| Circa 40 - The Noricum Kingdom is ultimately incorporated to the Roman Empire by the Roman caesar Claudius (10 BC-54, reigned 41-54). Noricum includes Carinthia and most of Styria. From now on the whole of the Slovene lands is within the borders of the Roman Empire. |
| 46 - Celje gets its municipal rights under the name municipium Claudia Celeia. |
| 100s |
| Not later than 103 - Roman caesar Trajan (53-117, reigned 98 - 117) moves the Legio XIII Gemina to the north border in Karnunt (Carnuntum) (today Deutsch Altenburg in Lower Austria) in Pannonia along the Danube River. |
| 200s |
| Circa 290 - Noricum is divided under Roman Emperor Diocletian (245-313, reigned 284-305) into Noricum ripense (along the Danube) and mediterranean (the southern mountainous district). |
| 300s |
| Circa 320 - Celeia is incorporated with Aquileia (Oglej) under Roman Emperor Constantine I (272-337, reigned 307-337). |
| 400s |
| Circa 400 - St. Jerome hypothetically translates some writings in a Slovene dialect of Proto-Slavic into Latin. |
| 500s |
| Circa 500/550 to 570/592 - The ancestors of Slovenes settle in Eastern Alps (Julian Alps, Karavanke), occupying an area more than twice the size of today's Slovenia. Carantha's Remark: This has never been proven! |
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| 568 - The Langobards from the margin of Pannonia break and move into Italy. The independent Slovene state possibly appears in the Eastern Alpine area (provincia Sclaborum), later named in sources as Sclauinia or Karantania. |
| 595 - According to Paul the Deacon, who was a medieval Lombard chronicler, in 595 Tassilo, king of Bavarians, attacked 'the province of Sclabi'. Some consider it the first mentioning of the Karantania state. |
| 600s |
| 610 - Avars attempt to invade Italy. |
| 612 - John Babbiensis in the biography of St. Columbus specifically names Slovenes as Veneti. |
| 623 - The formation of Karantanian King Samo's state. |
| 625 - Uprising of the 'west' Slavs led by Samo against Avars. |
| 631 - The Battle of Wogastisburg (probably Forchheim) between Samo's army and Austrasian forces, led by Merovingian king Dagobert I of the Franks (603-639, reigned 629-639). |
| 658 - Samo's death. The Slav tribal union collapses but a smaller Karantania persists. |
| 700s |
| 745 - Karantania loses its independence and becomes a margraviate and tantamount part of the semifeudal Frankish empire later under the rule of king Charlemagne (742-814, reigned 771-814) due to pressing danger of Avar tribes from the east. |
| 800s |
| 803 - Christian Church divides Slovene territory along the Drava river between the Salzburg archdiocese and the Patriarchate of Aquileia. |
| 840 - the Balaton Principality emerges in Pannonia. |
| 843 - Karantania passes into the hands of Louis the German (804-876). |
| 871 - The earliest written record of the ancient Karantanian ritual of installing dukes "Conversio Bagoariorum et Carantanorum", where is written: …illi eum ducem fecerunt... (they were made dukes). |
| 876 - The principality of Prince Kocelj (Balaton Principality) loses its independence. |
| 887 - Arnulf of Carinthia (850-899) a grandson of Louis the German assumes his title of King of the East Franks and becomes the first Duke of Carinthia. |
| 894/895 - Great Moravia probably loses a part of its territory - present-day Western Hungary- to Arnulf of Carinthia, who failed to conquer Great Moravia in 892, 893, 894/895 and 899 |
| 895 - Accord between Arnulf of Carinthia and the Bohemian Duke Borivoj (reigned 870-895), Bohemia is freed from the danger of invasion. |
| 896 - The Magyars from Asia, led by Árpád, settle in the region around the Theiss River (Hungary) |
| 899 December 8 - Arnulf of Carinthia dies. |
| 900s |
| Circa 906 - Invading Magyars destroy the weakened empire of Moravia. |
| 907 - Slovene territory is settled by the Magyars. |
| 952-1180 - The Great Karantania. |
| 955 - German king Otto I (912-973, reigned 936-973) at the Battle of Lechfeld near Augsburg defeats the Magyars, halting their advance in central Europe, Austrian March is established. |
| 976 - Karantania becomes a duchy in its own right, including Styria and the present East Tirol provinces. |
| 1000s |
| 1000 - Carinthia, Styria and Carniola provinces emerging on a territory of Karantania. |
| 1122-1137 - The first mention of Celje in the early Middle Ages under the name of Cylie in Admont's Chronicle, |
| Circa 1142 - Herman of Carinthia (circa 1100-circa 1160) in León among other begins to translate the Qur'an into Latin. |
| 1144 - The first records mentions Ljubljana by its modern name (by its German name Laibach). |
| 1146 - Ljubljana is mentioned by the name Luwigana. |
| Carantha's Remark: From this point Slovenian history continues, but it does not differ from that what already has been published. Therefore we omitted the continuation. |
| ~~~ |
| Notes |
| (Temporary but interesting) |
| Some modern sources imply that Veneti and Etruscans were highly connected and it is not known yet which nation influenced on each other. We can also freely say that Etruscans can be somehow the predecessors of the Slovenes. |
| (More on this to come) |
| The discovery of an expert Catalan archaeologist Pere Bosch-Gimpera. |
| Mierow: http://www.acs.ucalgary.ca/%7Evandersp/Courses/texts/jordgeti.html |
| ~~~ |
| External links |
| Embassy of the Republic of Slovenia, Washington, DC, History Timeline: http://www.embassy.org/slovenia/more3.htm A Brief History of Slovenia: http://www.sigov.si/vrs/ang/slovenia/history.html |