| Edoardo Rubini |
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Il Venetico, la lingua del più antico popolo d'Europa | |
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(Venetic, the language of the oldest nation of Europe) |
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Giustizia Veneta - (Venetian Justice) | |
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Eminenza Reverendissima - (Italian Version) | |
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Brand new book on Venetic Justice | |
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Social structure of ancient Veneti and customary law in Medieval Venice | |
| Jože Škulj |
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PISMO J. ŠKULJA Petru Štihu. Seveda pismo ni bilo objavljeno, kaj šele da bi Štih nanj odgovoril.- Dec. 15, 2005 | |
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Etruscans, Veneti and Slovenians - for readers, who ar particularly interested in their genetic (DNA) origins | |
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Lexical self-dating | |
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Zgodovinarji so zaskrbljeni - May 4, 2005 | |
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Slovenian Roots; what genes reveal - May 13, 2004 | |
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Relationship between Indian Populations and Europeans June 16, 2003 | |
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J. Skulj - Letter to Prof. Priestly - Re: Delo article April 4/03 | |
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J. Skulj - Re: Linguistic and genetic approach to pre-history Mar 17/03 | |
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J. Skulj (P. Eng) - Etnogeneza March 4, 2003 | |
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J. Skulj (P. Eng) - Letter to Dr. Susel, Ameriska Domovina 2-15-03 | |
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J. Skulj (P. Eng.) - Letter to Prof. Timothy Pogacar January 17, 2003 | |
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"Vandals, Veneti, Windischer: The Pitfalls of Amateur Historical Linguistics", |
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by Prof. Tom Priestly. |
| Igor Pirnovar |
| Igor Pirnovar's latest additions to his Veneti project in English and Slovenian language: |
| http://sloveneti.tripod.com/veg/e/Ven/triglav_e.html - Triglav (Trihead, Trinity), The Vends and the Slavs |
| http://sloveneti.tripod.com/veg/s/Ven/triglav_s.html |
| http://sloveneti.tripod.com/veg/e/Ven/slovieni_rusia_e.html - Slovieni - Veneti in Russia, Forum Veneti Part I |
| http://sloveneti.tripod.com/veg/s/Ven/slovieni_rusia_s.html |
| http://sloveneti.tripod.com/veg/e/MiscEtn/Vendi_e.html - The Vends in Scandinavia |
| http://sloveneti.tripod.com/veg/s/MiscEtn/Vendi_s.html |
| A. Ambrozic's Commentary on Andres Pääbo's Veneti Language |
| http://sloveneti.tripod.com/veg/e/Ven/VeLang-Ambrz-o-aPaaboVJ_e.html - A. Ambrozic's Commentary |
| http://sloveneti.tripod.com/veg/s/Ven/VeLang-Ambrz-o-aPaaboVJ_s.html |
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Erroneous chronology pleases the opponents of Venetic Theory | |
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Antique Europe: (http://sloveneti.tripod.com/) | |
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Pred in po-anticna Evropa: (http://sloveneti.tripod.com/) | |
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Dobrodoshli k Venetom | |
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Zakaj smo Slovenci tako odmaknjeni od lastne Zgodovine | |
| Tristan Mandon |
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Le livre Veneti : Premiers constructeurs du Communauté européen... | |
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par Tristan Mandon - Racines et Traditions en Pays d'Europe |
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Belin, ou Belenos | |
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http://racines.traditions.free.fr/apollond/belvenet.pdf |
| Simone Arnoffi |
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Simone Arnoffi | |
| Tareq Y. Ismael |
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Tareq Y. Ismael, University of Calgary, Alberta | |
| Milan Smolej |
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Interview | |
| Manfred Kasokat |
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Oderwenden | |
| Jozica Gerden |
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Veneti-Wends-Windische - Slovenia | |
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http://forums.delphiforums.com/VENETI |
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Potovanje Skozi Cas - Jozica Gerden and Petr Jandacek | |
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2. Mednarobni Posvet Venetologov ... | |
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First Wends (Veneti) in Australia | |
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Prvi Veneti v Avstraliji | |
| Giustizia Veneta |
| (Venetian Justice) |
 |
| Friday, 24th of September 2004 in Venice, in front of a crowded audience, has been introduced the book entitled "Giustizia Veneta. Lo spirito veneto nelle leggi criminali della Repubblica" [Venetian Justice. The Venetian spirit in the criminal Laws of Serenissima Republic] at the prestigious Aula Magna of Ateneo Veneto, an important private institution of historical studies. The reporters were: the nobleman Paolo Renier, descendant of the penultimate Duke of Venice, the author of the book Edoardo Rubini, historian of the Law and the criminal lawyer Renzo Fogliata, who organised the trial against Napoleon Bonaparte in 2003 (in that occasion real judges condemned the French dictator for sacking Venice and plunging it into misery). The lecturers explained that ancient Venetian Laws guaranteed a rapid sentence, often mild for the condemned. The prisoners' treatment was human and oriented to recover them. Only the premeditated murder and few crimes were punished with death. There was such a developed juridical civility that a huge casuistry of crimes was foreseen. |
| The book bids worthy scientific discoveries. While official science states Venetian laws derived from Roman ones, Edoardo Rubini demonstrated the ancient customs were the heritage of the social structure of the ancient Veneti, foregoing Rome. Venice never acknowledged Roman Laws. Besides, it is shown that the political system of the "Maritime Venetia", after the Roman Empire's downfall, was created by Venetic people, and not by Goths, Byzantines, Longobards, Franks, like it's told today. Even in the centuries before 1000, Venice was independent from Byzantium, because in that time a direct democracy was in force. People took political decisions in a meeting called "Arengo" and during the trials people chose the judges and took part in some acts. Between XII and XIII centuries, the Republic assumed a new form, becoming a parliamentary democracy, the first in history and before England. In conclusion, "Giustizia Veneta" describes for the first time all punishments and all crimes since the Middle Ages until the eighteenth century, gathered in homogeneous classes. |
| (cf: brand new book on Venetic Justice (Giustizia Veneta) |
| ~~~ |
| Eminenza Reverendissima, |
| rivolgo a Lei alcune considerazioni su recenti fatti, nella speranza di leggere - tra gli interventi di qualche Autorità - un segnale di saggezza che ultimamente si fa desiderare nella conduzione della cosa pubblica. La torre dell'orologio è rimasta imbracata per più di cinque anni dentro inutili ponteggi, perché i lavori non sono mai cominciati, benché la ditta Plaget si fosse offerta di riparare gratis gli antichi meccanismi. Ora il Comune di Venezia ha trasformato questo cantiere in un singolare baraccone, denotante un provincialismo pacchiano, all'insegna dell'ideologia mondialista, ovunque imperante. |
| Le sarà certo giunta voce che nei lunghi anni in cui il cantiere dovrà operare, si assisterà ad una continua mutazione d'aspetto per quest'area, così delicata ed importante, della Città: la nostra cara, vecchia torre "dei Mori" sarà mascherata alternativamente da Big Ben, Torre Eiffel, grattacielo newyorkese, ecc. |
| A tanti questa mentalità cosmopolita sembra il massimo raggiungimento del pensiero umano, ma presso tanti ambienti culturali, anche cattolici, si sollevano sempre maggiori preoccupazioni per il senso di alienazione e smarrimento - nonché per lo svuotamento di valori profondi - che essa causa nelle comunità locali (non solo europee), specie quando inculcata senza riguardo alcuno per l'ambiente sociale che va ad investire. |
| Ad ogni modo, come già accaduto l'anno scorso con la statua di Napoleone, la discutibile operazione di allestimento è stata compiuta nottetempo tra la sera di venerdì 22 e la mattina di sabato 23 ottobre, incappando da subito nell'indignazione popolare. |
| Più di recente, va ricordata la scena poco onorevole cui abbiamo assistito con sguardo attonito il 25 aprile, festa di San Marco, quando il Comune ha fatto innalzare in Piazza il gonfalone cittadino a testa in giù.I tanto vituperati veneziani sopravissuti, bottegai, gondolieri, guide di piazza, ristoratori, stavolta persino il quotidiano Gazzettino (spesso poco incline alla critica), hanno trovato la forza per dire "no". L'impatto visivo è inquietante: la giallognola torre pendula di Pisa sembra dover crollare da un momento all'altro addosso alla basilica medievale. Da tutti i tre lati è stata riprodotta la medesima, ossessiva immagine, ma visto da vicino il catafalco palesa tutta la ributtante volgarità dell'opera di regime: si sono rimossi qualcosa come 200 metri quadrati di maxegni |
| settecenteschi, si è creato un nuovo parterre di cemento per piazzare un enorme manufatto, sorretto da colonne metalliche, che servirebbe… a far entrare i turisti, che verrebbero filmati mentre si lasciano andare al proprio estro momentaneo (un nuovo grande fratello?). |
| Su vistosi pannelli, una benemerita professoressa della "Scuola Superiore Normale di Pisa" sciorina una dotta dissertazione sulle meraviglie del manufatto toscano. |
| Perché queste continue violenze contro il nostro popolo, come se dovessimo patire le pene di un eterno 12 maggio 1797? Qualcuno pensa che il torto dei Veneti sia di non essere stati italianizzati a sufficienza. |
| Queste le dichiarazioni rilasciate alla stampa dal Sindaco Costa: "Adesso inauguriamo la stagione dei cantieri divertenti, un gioco che valeva la pena di giocare". Gli fa eco l'ideatore, il genio incompreso Oliviero Toscani, già noto per le dissacrazioni pubblicitarie pro Benetton: "Macché provocazione! Abbiamo trasformato un'impalcatura in un evento culturale. I Veneziani dovrebbero ringraziarci: quella di Pisa è la torre più famosa del |
| mondo!" |
| Una domanda: esiste ancora un'Autorità religiosa o civile capace di suggerire ai detentori di cariche amministrative un comportamento appena rispettoso del pubblico decoro? |
| RingraziandoLa per l'attenzione cortesemente concessa, sperando in Suo intervento risanatore, mi è gradito porgerLe i migliori saluti |
| Venezia, 24 ottobre 2004 |
| Edoardo Rubini |
| Cari amici e conoscenti, se condividete l'importanza della denuncia di cui |
| sopra, fatela girare. |
| San Marco per sempre! |
| Edoardo |
| ~~~ |
| Brand new book on Venetic Justice |
| by Edoardo Rubini |
|
| Giustizia Veneta (Venetic Justice) is the title of the book written by Edoardo Rubini, which was recently published in Venice. It deals accurately with the penal law and, in part, also with the public law of the Republic of Venice. The author stresses the autochthon roots and the extraneousness of the Venetic law in front of the Roman law, a fact that until now never was correctly exposed. Concerning the origin, the author is basing the foundation of the development of the law in Venice on the ius gentium of the ancient Veneti, from which also the institutio Sclavenica of Carantania derived. The author presented his discoveries once before at the convention for Venetic studies held at the castle of Ptuj (Slovenia), in 2001. His contribution to the meeting bore the title "Social structure of ancient Veneti and customary law in medieval Venice". |
| The lecture was held at the 2nd World Conference of Slovenian scientists and researchers, Ptuj (Slovenia), September 21, 2001. |
| ~~~ |
| Social structure of ancient Veneti |
| and customary law in Medieval Venice |
| by Edoardo Rubini |
| The Social structure of the ancient Veneti |
| Analyzing of the structure of the ancient Veneti society makes it possible to obtain an insight of the evolutionary Venetian law achieved through many centuries, and to understand that many customary rules were characterized during medieval times as the survival of ancient legal models. |
| Polish and Czech historical schools bring the Veneti ethnogenesis back to the humus of Lusazia Civilisation, developed between 1500 and 1100 BC in the homonymous region lying south of Berlin, between Eastern Germany, Cechia and Poland. This was the civilisation that spread over a large part of Europe, fostered not by military conquests but by bringing a new spiritual vision of life; as a matter of fact, in the beginning, the Veneti were known as the bearers of the urnfield culture (Urnenfelder Kultur), because they introduced the funeral ritual by burning the dead before burying their remains inside sacred vases. The Veneti settled - on the southern side - all through the whole alpine arc and the Po Valley, even in some German regions like Bavaria and Württemberg (at that time known as Vindelicia, meaning land of the Veneti, as Vienna was called Vindobona); in fact, we will see that certain legal models of those areas are similar to Venetian ones. For instance, it is interesting to discover that the Central European Venetic woman - unlike the Germanic one - possessed legal rights. So, the German juridical book of 1275 called der Sachsenspiegel (Saxon Mirror) enumerates the following juridical subjects: God, the King, the Duke, the Count, the Sachse (the Saxon man), the Wende (the Venetic man) and the Wendin (the Venetic woman). |
| During the late Bronze and the Iron Ages, in the area surrounding Padua, the evolving Este Culture was thriving, and it left its imprint on the lands between the Central-eastern Alps, the Adriatic sea, Romagna and the Adda river. The Romans themselves recognised a strong ethnic homogeneity among the neighbouring peoples like the Veneti, Cenomani, Rhaetians, Carni, Histri and some others, so that in this territorial subdivision the emperor Ottavianus Augustus officially defined Decima Regio "Venetia et Histria", because the vast area contained today's Veneto, Eastern Lombardy, South Tirol, Friuli Venezia Giulia, Istria and the surroundings of the Isonzo River called «Primorska» (Slovenian «Coastal»). Also in Italy some outstanding historical and linguistic researchers - among them Devoto, Battaglia, Sergi - followed this leading thesis, nevertheless, a large part of the scientific literature is restricted to a historical vision conditioned by the myth of Rome, not being aware of the importance, that the ancient Veneti assumed in the archaeological research on a European level. Recent searches are leading to important results; some observations made by Jožko Šavli can fit into a different perspective the medieval customs documented in Venice, unveiling the extraordinary continuity of past Venetian society. |
| The peoples, who originated from the Veneti, and also spoke Indo-European languages like others, distinguished themselves in a decisive way from their prehistoric matrix. With regard to this, the language they used is attested to in about four hundred inscriptions referring to the Este culture. Well-known researchers at Italian universities state that it is similar to Latin, but they have not succeeded in deciphering these writings in a convincing way; on the contrary, the philologist Matej Bor has worked out numerous translations using his own knowledge of certain ancient languages, particularly those belonging to the Slavic-western type, in his opinion referable to a common Venetic matrix. Besides, the Venetic is viewed as the language that mostly preserved the features of the common Indo-European. |
| A great historical change took place about two thousand years before Christ, involving different aspects than linguistic ones: the Indo-European colonisation didn't bring new linguistic forms, but changed culture, religion and social relationships so that the matriarchy - typical of the prehistoric, rural society - decayed, and a patriarchal society - typical of the nomadic and warlike peoples - took the upper hand. The ancient Veneti distinguished themselves for their conservative character, tying them to a harmonious and pacific vision of life, typical of the matriarchy; among them, cultural tradition and faith kept on prevailing on the new values of possession and conquest. In religion, the figure of the woman, therefore, maintained primary importance coinciding with the survival of the Mother Earth cult. This social organisation for an immemorial time was based on village community, with separate fields belonging to single families, while the system of Celtic and Germanic peoples was formed by the communities of relatives (in German: Sippe). In southern Europe, instead, the great family or clan was prevalent; the great family - called «productive» - was also typical for Latins and Greeks ( known as ergasterion); it was founded on the absolute authority of the master (patria potestas). |
| With a modern language we may define Veneti society as more equitable and democratic, since on the individual plan it gave a greater relief to every single person, and on the collective plan it based social relationships on mutual consent rather than on hierarchies, as it is demonstrated on popular meetings and by the almost equal relationships in the law of family and succession. The Venetic family, in fact, was founded on the authority of both parents, the mother and the father; the stock's descent could continue, the whole inheritance legacy could be passed on in both, the male and the female line. Nevertheless, archaeological finds show clear forms of division in classes. The Venetic woman had, however, rights essentially equal to those of a man, and her meaningful position is only explainable by the survival of the Pre-Indoeuropean matriarchal culture. |
| The medieval customs |
| For a long time - since the Middle Ages' dawn till the advent of the codification processes accompanying the creation of different legal orders by every State during the 19th Century - almost all the western world held up on a fundamental juridical system: the statutory law was integrated to a great extent by the Ius Commune, wich was founded on Roman and canon laws. The Statutes were composed of a set of rules of various kinds, locally produced and therefore in force inside single lands or towns. «Venetian law» usually indicates the order of Serenissima Republic of Venice: it was also formed as a statutory law, but it boasted the prerogative to exclude Roman law as integrative source, prescribing principles to integrate its gaps and producing new dispositions when it was necessary. |
| So, a production of juridical rules took place at two levels: on one side the written legislation - official in Venice - contained in a continuous series of Statutes that followed since the 12th Century (and it settled in the Statutum Novum issued in 1242 by Doge Iacopo Tiepolo), on the other one, the rules produced by judges in their decisions (so-called «giurisprudenza») that drew from jurists' knowledge and from the forensic uses designed to satisfy the demands of judicial practice. Usually this existed as oral tradition, that is, as a custom. Therefore the custom took an essential role in the growing national law of Venice, because it rose from decisions related to social, economic and political relationships of every-day life; the custom had the merit not to die down with the period in which it originated but, thanks to its longevity, it formed the base of the succeeding statutory legislation. |
| Today it is possible to know better the juridical evolution, featuring always in an original sense the regulations in force among Veneti through the different epochs; as yet it has been thought that Venetian medieval law was derived from the Roman, but this concept cannot explain the many differences between these laws: they have been deemed simple details, but they are the heritage of juridical uses dating to remote times. So, a fundamental aspect comes to light: various legal models that belonged to the ancient Veneti survived during the Roman age and were perpetuated to the time of the Veneta Serenissima Repubblica. The originality of the Venetian law, in this sense, must be explained by the fact, that the Venetians observed in every time their own rules, also accepting, as always happens, some influences that foreign juridical cultures practised in different periods. |
| The point of departure of such analysis may be constituted by certain juridical sources studied by Benvenuto Pitzorno and Lujo Margetic: Iudicia a probis iudicibus promulgata is a document offering an interesting cross-section of legal rules in the high Middle Ages, for this ancient code is contained in a manuscript retained at Marciana Library, following another important document, Ratio de lege romana. It consists in a thirteenth-century transcript of sentences of earlier epoch rehandled with new grafts acknowledging a more recent right: their first editing is probably prior to 1170, so the rules established inside it may date back in wide part to the 11th and 12th century. In brief, Iudicia are a series of juridical rules contained in 75 «capitoli» (articles) on matters concerning private and procedural law arisen from the practical application of the Statutes. These sentences were issued in part by the probi iudices, in part by a consilium of sapientes, who were consulted by judges; however, the manuscript's author was neither a iudex, neither a sapiens, but an experienced man of legal practice (perhaps a causidicus or an advocatus); in fact he added to these sentences and opinions a third category of rules «ad uso del foro», constantly observed in the judicial procedure, also unwritten. |
| The most ancient conceptions are situated in iudicium #51 prohibiting the sons' disinheritance, in accordance with other legal systems of the high Middle Ages: the patrimony belongs to the family collectivity, usually to the narrow nucleus formed by father, mother, sons and daughters not married. According to the iudicium #2, if the father made a will, he had to leave his son at least a part of his goods, considering various circumstances, among which the working contribution of every member of the family. Only with the 1242 Tiepolo Statute, the principles of the Roman law prevailed on matter of the successions: the father disposed freely mortis causa of his patrimony, but he had to leave his son at least the third part of the immovable properties that would be due to him. The importance of the patrimonial division between father and son in Venetian families' life is owed to the strong presence of the idea of the family patrimony in Venetian law up to the end of the 12th century, since with the division the son went out of the family community. |
| With regard to the patrimonial relationships between husband and wife, the Venetian and Roman systems conferring the dowry appear clearly separate. In the Venetian law the daughter, after getting married, declared in writing to have received the dowry and after the breakup of the marriage (ensuing to her husband's death), a complex procedure to establish the dowry's amount was executed. |
| Roman dos was stipulated with the future bridegroom, while Venetian repromissa with the future bride; in the Roman law it was often the woman providing the dowry, while in the Venetian law this never happened. In Roman law, up to the times of Giustinianus, the dowry was - at least legally - her husband's ownership, but in the Venetian law the owner of the repromissa was the wife: during all centuries in which the Venetian Republic lasted, the patrimonial separation was in force, so the husband could only administer his wife's goods. This conception hindered Venetians in granting to the woman some right on the good that her husband acquired during the marriage and this system was different from Longobards' one (the Morgengabe) and from the medietas in the territory of Romagna. |
| There were some other particular legal forms: one called grosina, or «pellicia vidualis» that was the widow's right to receive from the inheritance of her husband also a 10% increase, over the dowry. This right of remote origin perhaps dated back to the ancient Veneti, when the widow who didn't want to make the widowhood's vow left her husband's home and received a symbolic token of respect for her (in origin a fur) to show everyone that her departure happened by free and honorable choice (for converges, an ancient use imposed to throw the adulteress out of house). During the Middle Ages this gift was given in coin, none the less being of modest entity. |
| The Venetian law knew another institute that had the purpose of increasing the woman's substance, the gift of Monday (donum diei lunae). The Venetian marriages were celebrated on Sundays, therefore this name meant that the gift was offered after the first night of wedding as a tribute to the bride's virginity; such action may have been born as a devotional act to the Mother Earth (that is to femininity), because in protohistoric Ages the main divinity in Venetiae was Reitia, who presided over birth and death. She was projected in a series of symbols, among them the moon. On the contrary, there is no trace in any Venetian document of the donatio propter nuptias typical of Roman law. |
| The peculiarity of Venetian legal models extended to other fields, above all to procedure, trade and contractual law. |
| The popular meetings |
| Another primary matter to inquire upon, as yet ignored by researchers, is the one concerning the political organization of the peoples origining from the ancient Veneti. Inexplicable similarities - if we leave a deep common tradition out of consideration - tie territories such as Carinthia, Slovenia, Veneto, Istria. During the Middle Ages in these areas it is sure that popular meetings were active as constitutional structures for political deliberation, endowed with an inner articulation and connected with other governmental bodies. If we consider the famous rite of the installation of the Dukes of Carantania, held in the Slovenian language near Krnski grad/Karnburg in Carinthia, we find a public authority conception and a style to deliberate very similar to the election of the first Venetian Dogi (Dukes). |
| Rather than as a sovereign, in fact, this figure of duke was chosen as a State leader, titular of sovereignity as popular representative. The fidelity oath that had to be taken was a public act with which the authority became dependent upon legality and people's rights. Therefore political power did not correspond to a subjective conception, but it expressed an objective and collective dimension, typical of a real State, besides deriving from a popular election. In Venice the laws were deliberated with the system of the promissione, too: the governmental bodies - and in other cases the same popular meeting - used to swear publicly the respect of a certain regulations while they approved them, so teachers of law history sometimes refer to «diritto pattizio» (conception of the law founded on pacts), similar to Germanic pactas and in opposition with the authoritarian conceptions of Roman law. |
| But the similarity embraces also the smallest details. In all the territories above described there were governmental bodies counting twelve members: dvanajstija was the ancient tribunal typical of Slovenia (at that time it was in force near the Slovenian communities of Antro and Merso in Friuli, too ), just like the Venetian Consesso tribunizio mentioned by Vettor Sandi. He claimed that in the centuries following the Roman empire's collapse a federation of twelve lagoon islands was formed, whose inhabitants were part of a large Arengo (lat. concio or placitum) to assume the great common decisions, but the government was entrusted to a council of tribunes elected by each island . Only at the end of the 7th century it was decided to elect one leader only, that is the Doge; the Arengo was deprived of the power to elect the Doge in the 12th century (when such capacity was attributed to Maggior Consiglio) and abolished entirely in 1400. |
| Furthermore, in all these territories public meetings were held near a tree of a particular kind: the linden. So many Slovenian and Istrian little towns still maintain a sample of linden at the centre of a square or next to the church. Still today a village in Friuli brings the Slovenian name Lipa, but it was also present in the Venetian areas: for instance, Pieve di Cadore had it on its former escutcheon. |
| Conclusions |
| The strong connotation in a national sense of Venetian family law leads to - going back in time - a link with the historical research done at the European level since the 19th century, wich, as we saw, demonstrates a marked role of the woman in social structure. The extraordinary archaeological finds emerged in the whole Triveneto, show the existence of a rich and spreading civilization, at the same time firmly tied up with the cultural expressions of Central Europe. A new direction of study considering so many analogies among the lands included between Po and Danubian valleys and the Baltic sea would surely give unexpected results. We hope to have offered a new key to read the origin of the models of Venetian law and their continuity through the passing time. |
| References |
|
Battaglia R., Dal paleolitico alla civiltà atestina, in Centro Internazionale delle Arti e del Costume, Storia di Venezia, I, Venezia, 1957, pp. 77 - 177. | |
|
Besta E., Il Diritto e le leggi civili di Venezia fino al Dogado di Enrico Dandolo, in Atti dell'Ateneo Veneto, II, Venezia, 1897 pp. 290-320. | |
|
Cessi R., Da Roma a Bisanzio, in Centro Internazionale delle Arti e del Costume, Storia di Venezia, I, Venezia, 1957, pp. 179 - 401. | |
|
Clavora F.-Mattelig R., Slavia, Udine, 1997. | |
|
Devoto G., Origini indoeuropee, Firenze, 1962. | |
|
Fogolari G.- Prosdocimi A.L., I Veneti antichi. Lingua e cultura, Padova, 1988. | |
|
Kretschmayr H., Geschichte von Venedig. Erster Band, (bis zum Tode Enrico Dandolos), Gotha, 1905. | |
|
Margetic L., Il diritto, in Storia di Venezia dalle origini alla caduta della Serenissima, I, Roma, 1992, pp. 677 - 692. | |
|
Maranini G., La Costituzione di Venezia, I-II, Firenze, 1974. | |
|
Musatti E., Storia della Promissione Ducale, Padova, 1888. | |
|
Pellegrini G.B., Dal venetico al veneto. Studi linguistici preromani e romanzi, Padova, 1991. | |
|
Pellegrini G.B. - Prosdocimi A.L., La lingua venetica, I. Le iscrizioni; II. Studi, Padova, 1967. | |
|
Pitzorno B., Le consuetudini giudiziarie veneziane anteriori al 1229, in Miscellanea di storia veneta, edita per cura della R. Deputazione di storia patria, s. III, t. II, Venezia, 1910, pp. 293 - 347. | |
|
Sandi V., Principj di Storia Civile della Repubblica di Venezia dalla sua fondazione sino all'anno di N. S. 1700. Della parte prima che contiene i tempi sin al 1300. Volume primo sino al 1000, Venezia, 1755. | |
|
Šavli J. - Bor M. - Tomažic I., I Veneti, progenitori dell'uomo europeo, Vienna, 1991. | |
|
Šavli J., Slovenija, podoba evropskega naroda, Nova Gorica, 1994. | |
|
Sergi G., Arii e Italici, Torino, 1898. | |
|
Sergi G., Le prime e le più antiche civiltà, Torino, 1926. | |
|
Volumen Statutorum Legum, ac Iurium tam civilium, quam criminalium DD. Venetorum, Cum Correctionibus Serenissimorum Principum prò tempore. Et practica summaria, amplissimo Indice omnium Rubricarum: & Annotationibus, & Postilis in margine omnium Legum, Summa cura, & studio D. Rizzardi Griffi Causidici Veneti ab innumeris erroribus emendatis. Additis in hac nouissima Editione nonnulis Legibus, recentioribus summa diligentia, & labore D. Petri Pinelli Aduocati Veneti. Ioanni Cornelio Venetiarum Principi dicatum. Venetiis, 1709. | |
|
Zordan G., L'Ordinamento giuridico veneziano. Lezioni di storia del diritto veneziano con nota bibliografica, Padova, 1980. | |
| ~~~ |
| Jože Škulj |
| PISMO J. ŠKULJA Petru Štihu. Seveda pismo ni bilo objavljeno, kaj šele da bi Štih nanj odgovoril. |
| Spoštovani prof. dr. Štih: |
| Z veseljem sem prebral Vaš zanimiv intervju v Mladini 12. 12. 2005, kjer zagovarjate Vaše vtise, mnenja in stališca o knejem kamnu, Karantaniji in slovenski zgodovini. |
| Za slovensko zgodovino se zanimam, toda pri tem sem samouk, ker sem koncal samo 1. razred osnovne šole v Sloveniji in nisem imel prilike, da bi kdaj formalno študiral slovensko zgodovino. |
| Sedaj ko imam vec casa, hocem odgovoriti na vprašanja mojih otrok in vnukov o mojih in seveda njihovih slovenskih koreninah, zavedajoc se njihovih vprašanj, ki se sucejo okrog DNK, genetskih markerjev in pred-zgodovine. Ker imajo severno-ameriško univerzitetno izobrazbo so kriticni pri sprejemanju zakljuckov in se ne zadovoljijo samo z 'ex cathedra' izjavami strokovnjakov, ce te izjave niso podprte s podatki, ki jih lahko sami preverijo z branjem razprav na 'internet-u'. |
| Ko berem Vaš pogovor s casnikarjem Mladine, sem po eni strani vesel, da hocete biti strokovno in znanstveno korekten, po drugi strani pa razocaran, iz znanstvenega vidika, ker zagovarjate tako ne-znanstveno stališce do primarnih virov in dokazov :... ''Za to, da so Slovani v omenjenem casu zaceli prihajati v današnji slovenski prostor, ne potrebujemo nikakršnih natancnih opisov njihove priselitve.....'' To je nevzdrno, ker to gre za zgodovinsko dobo sredi Evrope in kot pravite ''da je bil ta prostor...pol tisocletja del rimskega imperita - in to ne nekje na njegovem obrobju, ampak tako rekoc v njegovem središcu....''. Prav zato bi pricakoval primarne opise in dokaze. |
| Ker pravite, da primarnih dokazov ni, bi bil jaz zadovoljen s sekundarnimi dokazi, to je viri: ''...na podlagi katerih to naselitev lahko dobro utemeljimo in s tem tudi razloimo vse velike strukturne spremembe...v jeziku, ekonomiji, religiji, socialni in dravni ureditvi, kulturi, itd......'' Upam, da imate vire in dokaze, ki so bistveni za slovenski prostor in niso splošni pojavi za cel rimski imperij. |
| Imam zgodovinske knjige kot so Zgodovina Slovencev - Cankarjeva zaloba, Ljubljana, 1979; Slovenska zgodovina do Razsvetljenstva - Peter Štih & Vasko Simoniti, Korotan, Ljubljana, 1996 in druge. Toda te knjige mi ne dajejo odgovora na moje bistveno vprašanje: Zakaj obstoja genetska sorodnost in genetska nepretrganost med 2500 let starimi okostnjaki iz mesta Adria v rimski provinci Venetia et Histria in s sedanjimi prebivalci Slovenije? Tukaj gre za primarne dokaze. |
| Gotovo Vas študentje vsako leto na novo sprašujejo o pred-zgodovini Slovencev, zato bi pricakoval, da imate pripravljen, morda tudi objavljen, povzetek vseh teh sekundarnih virov, ki prepricljivo dokazujejo naseljevanje Slovanov v 6. stoletju. Rad bi imel te dokaze v moji knjinici. Kje jih lahko dobim in kako jih narocim?. |
| Lep pozdrav, J. Škulj P. Eng. (Canada), 15. decembra 2005 |
| ~~~ |
| Cenjeni prof. dr. Repe, |
| prijatelj mi je poslal clanek, ki ga je objavil Dnevnik 19. aprila 2005, z naslovom Zgodovinarji so zaskrbljeni. Ta clanek ste podpisali Vi in še 15 drugih zgodovinarjev, ker vas skrbijo razmere med zgodovinarji in slovensko javnostjo. Med drugim ste zaskrbljeni, ker da se znova krepi kult Karantanije in pristajanje na venetsko teorijo, ki jo zagovarjajo slovenski avtohtonisti, za katero mislite, da je to neznanstveno soocanje s preteklostjo in oddaljevanje od sodobne miselnosti v Evropi in svetu. - Svetovno znani profesor lord Colin Renfrew arheolog, zgodovinar in ravnatelj The McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research v Cambridge, v Angliji, je ze leta 1973 v svoji knjigi Before Civilization: The Radiocarbon Revolution and Prehistoric Europe zapisal: |
| »The study of prehistory today is in a state of crisis. Archaeologists all over the world have realized that much of prehistory, as written in existing textbooks, is inadequate, some of it is quite simply wrong. The chronology of prehistoric Europe betrays a serious flaw in archaeological theory.....Most of us have been brought up to believe, for instance, that the Pyramids of Egypt are the oldest-stone built monuments in the world, and that the first temples built by man were situated in the Near East. There, it was thought metallurgy was invented. It comes, then, as a shock to learn that all this is wrong. The megalithic chamber tombs of western Europe are now dated earlier than the Pyramids....Copper metallurgy appears to have been underway in the Balkans at an early date-earlier than in Greece...Today the second radiocarbon revolution.....is bringing down the whole edifice of links and connections that were so laboriously built up by scholars,....to date and make intelligible our prehistoric past.« pp.15-17 |
| Znanstveniki so se morali že dostikrat, ceprav vcasih zelo težko, spoprijeti s stvarnostjo in spremeniti ali celo zavreci zastarele teorije, ker niso bile v skladu z bolj novimi dejstvi, ki jih odkriva sodobna znanost. Sodobna miselnost v svetu je precej drugacna, kot si jo predstavljajo nekateri slovenski zgodovinarji, ki se naslanjajo na teorije ki so nastajale v dobi, ko je obstojala miselnost, tudi v znanosti, da je vesolje staro 6000 let. Najbolj viden prelom se je zacel pred 50. leti s C-14 datiranjem in se nadaljuje z izsledki genetskih in jezikoslovnih raziskav. |
| Svetovno znani genetiki, kot so dr. Martin Richards (Univ. of Oxford), dr. Hans-Jürgen Bandelt (Univ. Hamburg), dr. Bryan Sykes (Univ. of Oxford), dr. Toomas Kivisild (Tartu Univ.), dr. Richard Villems (Tartu Univ.), dr. Antonio Torroni (Univ. di Pavia), dr. Ariella Oppenheim (Hebrew Univ. Jerusalem), dr. Dan Bradley (Trinity College Dublin) in še drugi iz univerz in inštitutov v Italiji, Nemciji, Rusiji, Angliji, Irski, Romuniji, Ceški, Grciji, Estoniji, Ameriki, Izraelu in Iraku, so zavrgli preseljevanje narodov v zgodovinski dobi; ugotovili so, da so selitve ljudstev mnogo starejše. V prostor okrog Alp je prišlo po priseljencih samo 7% novih genetskih vrst od bronaste dobe pa do danes; vecino genetskih vrst so priseljenci prinesli že pred mlajšo kameno dobo. Cetrtina teh vrst je bila okrog Alp že pred ledeno dobo. Po ledeni dobi pa se je zacela selitev iz ledenodobnih zatocišc, ki so bila na Pirenejskem polotoku, ob Jadranu, severnem Balkanu in ozemlju do Ukrajine, proti severu Evrope, ko so dopušcale vremenske razmere. |
| Že vec let zasledujem genetske raziskave v evropskih in ameriških revijah in do sedaj še nisem našel, da bi kateri genetik uporabil in citiral kaksnega poklicnega slovenskega zgodovinarja. Do sedaj so citirani samo Šavli J., Bor M., Tomazic I., trans. Skerbinc A. (1996) VENETI: First Builders of European Community. Slovenski zgodovinarji morate pohiteti, ter iti na delo, da se ne oddaljite prevec od sodobne znanosti. Treba se bo soociti s stvarnostjo in zaceti pisati pred-zgodovino na novo, ce hocete da vas bo kdo uposteval izven Slovenije. |
| Lep pozdrav, |
| J. Škulj P.Eng. (The Hindu Institute of Learning, Toronto, Canada) |
| ~~~ |
| May 13, 2004 |
| SLOVENIAN ROOTS; WHAT GENES REVEAL |
| (Korenine Slovencev: Kaj Razodevajo Geni) |
| (Jože Škulj (P.Eng.) The Hindu Institute of Learning, 2004-3-30) |
| (Translation from Slovenian by Lillian Centa -- 8/04) |
| Summary: |
| In the year 2003, Malyarchuk et. al. in collaboration with Slovenian Dr. K. Drobnic (M), and thus it was made possible, that Slovenians can compare themselves genetically with other nations through genetic groups (haplogroups) inherited through the mother - mtDNA - as we have done from the year 2000 - with genetic groups from Y chromosome inherited from the father (SS). From literature, I summarized data that indicated nationalities that would be of interest to Slovenians. From the comparison, it is evident that 90% of Slovenians have the mtDNA genetic groups that originated before or during the last ice age, whereas, 4,000 to 5,000 year old skeletons, excavated in the Basque country, only 75% of them have genetic groups that old. The Basques of today have 70%. Only 1% of the Slovenians have genetic groups 6,000 to 13,000 years old;. all other genetic groups are much older. |
| Archaeological finds: |
| Archaeologists maintain that man has lived in Europe for at least 800,000 years. This early man was given the name Neanderthal, after a Neanderthal gorge near Dusseldorf in Germany where his bones were discovered. Even older bones, resembling man, believing to be 1,75 million years old, were discovered by archaeologists in Dmanisi in today's Republic of Georgia (G). The oldest remnants of tools were found by archaeologists in 1995 in Spain. They estimate that these tools are about 789,000 years old. |
| For archaeologists, Slovenia is also an interesting place. The oldest traces of man, found up until now were above the river Idrijca in Divjih babah ("wild women") in 1996 when a whistle made of bone was found, dating from the period prior to 45,000 years ago, which they ascribed to the Neanderthal man (TM0. As an engineer, the elaborate whistle surprised me because of the workmanship, which has shows evidence that drilling technique was used in its manufacture. Of the four holes, two are not damaged and show signs of being made by a drill, since they are very symmetrical. It is possible that even then, they used the same drilling techniques that were used by the Eskimos, even after the arrival of Europeans, who used a bow and stone-tipped arrows for drilling. On the developing technological evidence, also the oldest, more than 5,000 years old, wooden wheel with an axle was found in the swamplands of Ljubljana. That they were able to make this wheel and transverse axle, they had to use axes and probably also saws. It is interesting that the wheel did not turn on the axle, but the axle with the wheel turned on bearings, similar to a system used, even today, on modern railway cars. We are able to take the wheel with bearings as evidence of relatively highly developed woodworking technology and also as a sign of metallurgy, since a mold for copper axes was found not far from the site of the pre-historic wheel. |
| Recently, in Croatian Zagorje, at Vindija and Velika Pecina, bone and stone tools were found. It is believed that they belonged to a Neanderthal man who may have lived before 29,000 years. Nearby, tools of stone and bone were also found, characteristic of modern man. It may be that the Neanderthal man made the tools himself or acquired them through trade. It was previously believed that the Neanderthal man became extinct prior to 34,000 years ago. This new evidence compelled scientists to change their theories. Fred Smith, anthropologist from Northern Illinois University, says that it is possible that the Neanderthal man and modern man lived together in central Europe for many thousands of years. Erik Trinkhaus, anthropologist from Washington State University, thinks that modern man somewhere superseded the Neanderthals, elsewhere, he intrmarried with them. Between these two races, Trinkhaus sees very small distinctions. In 1999, he announced that he found, in Portugal, 24,500-year-old child's bones, which showed characteristics similar to those of the Neanderthal man and of modern man. Trinkhaus and Smith thus raised new controversial affirmation that the Neanderthal man and the modern man mingled. (NP) |
| Genetic data: |
| Geneticists, for example Ridley and others, are extremely interested in human genes. They have discovered, that from the time prior to four billion years ago up to the period of some thousand years ago, the human genome has been recording significant events in our biography. There are genes with the help of which it is possible to track, man's migration during the last thousands of years. (RM). Gutierrez and others ascertained the possibility that the Neanderthal is also represented in the genetic structure of Europeans. Gutierrez proved that genetically some Africans are more distinguishable from Europeans, than the specimens of three Neanderthals whom they compared with the help of genetic technology. (G) Calafell noticed that in today's populations, there are more genetic distinctions, where their ancestors had possible contact with Neanderthals of prehistoric times. (C) Thus some geneticists agree with anthropologists. |
| In the year 2003 there was a new milestone for Slovenian historical research when Russian geneticist, Dr. Boris A. Malyarchuk published his paper, "Mitochondrial DNA Variability in Bosnians and Slovenians", which shows the genetic profile of Slovenians based on genetic groups inherited only on the mother's side. Thus we now have the possibility of comparing genetically with other nations, not only on the basic genetic groups having the Y chromosome inherited from the father, but also on the basic ancestral groups inherited on the mother's side. This will have far-reaching consequences for writing of Slovenian prehistory, because there are many outdated theories which repudiate proof that Slovenians are an ancient people, living in their own land continuously for thousands of years. |
| In the tabulated list, I took data from literature about mtDNA genetic groups of other nations and their ages, and compared them with Slovenians. In this comparison are included, besides the contemporary people, also genetic groups of people who, 4,000 to 5,000 years ago, lived in the region where the Basques now live. (BSK1) |
| If we statistically analyze data from the tabulated list, we see that the average genetic age in Europe is 26,710 years. With Slovenians, the average calculated age mtDNA of genetic groups is about 300 years older - 27,036years. |
| B B V S P R S E I |
| S S E L O U W U N |
| K K N O L S E Avg. D |
|
2 |
|
(I) (MM) (MP) (M) (M) (M) (T1) ® (K) |
|
(T1-3) |
| GS®AGE (years) % % % % % % % % % |
| H 19 200-21 400 37 50-T3 41 47 45 42 41 46 1.8 |
| HV* 20 700-22 800 na na <2 0 1 2 na na na |
| pre*V 10 300-15 100 na 0-T2 <2 3 5 5 na na na |
| preHV15 000-42 000 na 0 na 0 0 <1 na <1 na |
| V 11 000-17 000 0 12-T2 4 4 na na 5 5 0 |
| J 22 000-27 000 & |
